The Mother Of Mankind Africa Is A Vast Land Full Of...

Known as the mother of mankind, Africa is a vast land full of resources and gracious people. However, most people do not see it as such. They think of the continent is being ravaged with disease, poverty, and war. Nevertheless, even though it does have those things, Africa is a thriving continent like any other. It has cities with vast highways and is advancing rapidly with the help of chivalrous people like Twesigye Kaguri. These people see Africa for what it really is, a place full of opportunity and they use their voices to bring attention to the real issues, trying to help the many villages and communities of the continent. It is known that in order to create a change, you must first start small and in A School for My Village, this proves to be true. This story follows Twesigye Kaguri, a human rights activist, on his path to making a difference in his home country of Uganda which is a small country in East Africa. Throughout the book the reader is pulled into Twesigye’s world as he recounts his experiences in Uganda and gives readers a chance to learn about the HIV/AIDs, or slim, epidemic that tore through the country taking the lives of many innocent people. Being that HIV claimed the lives of two of Twesigye’s family members, he felt as if he had to do something to stop the hurt that was tearing families apart. As it became apparent, Twesigye learned that the only way to prevent the disease from spreading was to eradicate the stigma surrounding the disease and educateShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesConsumerism 1. Media 1a. New vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapers land on front process all over America. This is the prediction the author of ‘The Vanishing Newspaper’ †¦ †¢ Advent of tech has brought a radical change in the media industry †¢ No longer confined to reading news, watching television †¢ Click of mouse, people can access instantaneous info and news online †¢ Proliferation of online blogs and social networking sites such as

Legalizing Sport And Casino Betting - 945 Words

Every week between August and February, millions of average American citizens break the law. During this time, millions of people wager billions of dollars on football games. This culminates in February with the Super Bowl where more money is wagered than on any other sporting event in the world. The vast majority of people who place these wagers live in states where sport’s gambling has long been illegal. Even those seemingly innocent NCAA office pools or friend to friend sports wagers are against the law in most counties across the state. Surveys indicate that in many states, people are overwhelmingly in favor of legalizing sport and casino betting. However, state legislators continue to have great difficulty passing legislation to allow betting because the federal government and/or consumer groups that are opposed to any changes in the current law. In 2011, the citizens of New Jersey voted to allow citizens the right to bet on sporting events. The New Jersey legislator also passed an amendment making sports betting legal as well. However, the will of the people today is being nullified by a federal law passed over 20 years ago. In 1992, the federal government passed a law which essentially banned sports betting everywhere in the United States except the four states where gambling was already firmly entrenched (Nevada, Delaware, Oregon, and Montana). Now each time a state, in this case New Jersey, tries to pass some form of legislation to legalize gambling, organizationsShow MoreRelatedGambling Research Paper1427 Word s   |  6 Pagesa tax payer? Do you believe you pay too much in taxes? Well the amount of money that casinos and gambling bring into a state in taxes is a phenomenal amount. This could possible help lower your taxes and save you money. First, we are going to discuss what I believe to be the problem. Then, I would like to share with you what I think is the cause. 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AccordingRead MoreState Of New York Vs Draftkings And Fanduel2314 Words   |  10 PagesFanDuel Introduction Since the inception of fantasy sports companies, very few industries have grown this significantly in such a short time span. Since the surge in popularity of daily fantasy betting FanDuel and DraftKings have launched aggressive efforts to expand in order to reach the 51 million current fantasy sports users in the US and Canada alone. Although approximately 38% of Americans admitted to betting on sports in 2008, fantasy sports companies are also experiencing increased scrutinyRead MoreImpact Of Gambling On The United States1647 Words   |  7 Pagespresent day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker with friends and even winning money after a game of poker or Slot Machine. Gambling allows many activit ies to be expanded to their full potential and offer people theRead MoreAndrew Isaac. Honors English 10. Period 2. 6 April 2017.1627 Words   |  7 Pagespresent day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker with friends and even winning money after a game of poker or Slot Machine. Gambling allows many activities to be expanded to their full potential and offer people theRead MoreWestern Exportation Of Contemporary Casino Leisure1304 Words   |  6 PagesThe casino environment is a space of which I am quite familiar. 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Affectability of positive and negative written personal accounts Free Essays

string(66) " from does not apply at all \(1\) to applies very strongly \(4\)\." Expressive writing paradigm, positive and negative affect, positive meaning finding finding and positive affect. An individual’s conduct of thoughts and feelings disclosure relating to aspects of their life is often utilized through expressive writing as a therapeutic strategy. This act is more formally recognized as the expressive writing paradigm (Nicholls, 2009), describing the health benefits of expressive writing production. We will write a custom essay sample on Affectability of positive and negative written personal accounts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rebuttals against this theory include its lack of a clear definition in regard to the reasons it proves an effective therapy (Sloan Marx, 2004), though its effectiveness remains undisputed. Expressive writing in studies can include a variety of deferent topic suggestion in analysis of any emotion from traumatic events to Immense positive experiences. Emotional expression has been shown to effect general satisfaction positively or negatively dependent on the correlated emotion to the subject of concern. Further enhancing this suggestion Is the notion of strengthened self-efficacy through emotional expression (Kirk. Schuster, Hint, 201 1 Already, Implications of Its use In positive regard becomes more applicable In applying positivist more generally as a result of written divergence. Writing has proven a powerful tool across studies In both mental and physical responses. An experiment conducted on Swedish athletes found a positive correlation between the writing of positive self-talk and reaction times (?seedeater, Spender, S ¶Darlene, 2012). Another more extreme case of expressive writing incorporation was used in a 2012) This study focused on the positive outcomes of the experience and was found to exhibit positive effects on common survivor constraints as fatigue, intrusive thoughts, post-traumatic stress and so on. Yet another study of interest involves the SE of expressive writing, though not with an observer’s direction of positive or negative affect. This study simply engaged participants to write down their traumatic experience. Outcomes of which included decreased physician visits and use of aspirin over time (Baneberry Bell, Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding, 1986). These studies lie among a multitude of others (Kelly, 2012) – all of which indicate a significant positive impact of expressive writing on general satisfaction (Baneberry Chunk, 2007). One argument against this expressive rating paradigm is that the use of written emotions is not necessarily the promoter of positive affect. Instead, the act of expressing emotions in any form will release tension of the event (Baneberry, 1997). Expressive writing may be said to provide means for structure and organization of an individual’s emotions in a way they may never have thought about, or never have wanted to think about (Baneberry, 1997). This written account allows for little emotional repression if the participant involves themselves entirely in the process. This leaves open the argument that different harpies may produce different results and with a society of subjectivity, this argument remain undisputed. Nonetheless, expressive writing cannot be undermined as a sound means for effective therapy. Interestingly, a study set forth to decipher whether written trauma showed increased positive affect than vocalism the trauma in a public setting (Fez, Valances, Gonzalez, 1999). The study found that a written account of the trauma proved more negatively provoking than revealing in a public setting. Although further research needs to take place on this issue, it is hypothesized that written trauma is too intense, flooding emotions that the participant found more anxiety provoking than in a setting amongst other trauma victims. Linked to the term, as mentioned, are a number of different theories. As is with the case with many psychological theories, a singular theory is not applicable. To some, this may prove reason to avoid its use (Kelly, 2012). It may also be argued, however, that subjectivity among individuals necessitates more than a singular theory. Of these theories is the concept that the act of interacting with an emotional vent in a more analytical sense may provide an outlet (Baneberry, 1997). It is thought that this outlet may reduce a traumatic influence of the event or enhance and remind of a pleasant memory. Furthermore, interacting with the event forces the individual to structure and organism an event in a way that they may have not previously thought about, or have wanted to think about. It is thought that this may bring clarity of the situation, release and perhaps even closure through self-efficacy. These theories are described as the immediate cognitive changes through the act of expressive writing. The more long term theories include the release of memories that may have had impact on the working mind. This theory suggests that as expressive writing is further indulged, immediate arousal of the memory diminishes (Baneberry, 1997). This becomes especially essential with traumatic events which tend to lose emotional arousal over a number of expressive writing sessions. With this act of release, a biological theory arises in that anxiety and other illnesses as a expression writing is that of a more social front. A study on holocaust victims valued that 70% of survivors had not shared information socially (Baneberry, 1997). After writing and talking about these experiences with researchers. Many were able to then share them with others, providing further therapy in a social context (Baneberry, 1997). Many studies are devoted to uncovering expression writing and the theory behind it. So too have studies encapsulated the long-term effects on well-being of its use as a therapy. Fewer studies examine expression writing in its immediate effects on an individual. This study focuses on the immediate effects of emotional writing on an individual’s affect. With previous studies in mind, it is hypothesized that a positive affect will be correlated with exposure to positive experience writing; whereas a negative affect will be correlated with exposure to negative experience writing. Method Participants Participants were 173 (129 females) undergraduate students from an Australian tertiary education institution. The mean age of the participants was 30. 19 years (SD ? 9. 17); male mean age was 28. 14 (SD = 7. 2), and female mean age was 30. 89 (SD = 9. 60). Materials. The Ego-Resiliency Scale (ERR-89; Block Kramer, 1996). This 14 item measure of trait saliency uses a 4-point Liker scale, ranging from does not apply at all (1) to applies very strongly (4). You read "Affectability of positive and negative written personal accounts" in category "Papers" The scale is reportedly highly reliable (a = . 76) with example items including: ‘l am more curious than most people’ and ‘l quickly get over and recover from being startled’. Resiliency was calculated by summing scores from all 14 items with higher scores indicating greater resiliency. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DADS-21; Loving Loving, 1995). This 21 item measure of depression, anxiety and stress records responses on a 4-point Liker scale from never (1) to almost always (3). The DADS-21 is reportedly highly reliable (a = . 96). Example items include â€Å"l find it hard to unwind† and â€Å"l felt that I wasn’t worth much as a person†. The General Health Questionnaire (GHZ-12; Goldberg Williams, 1988). This 12-item measure of general mental and physical health utilizes a 4-point Liker scale from not at all (O) to quite a bit (3). The reported reliability of the GHZ-12 ranges from . 82 to . 86. Example items include whether participant have â€Å"lost much sleep over worry’ and â€Å"been unhappy and depressed†. Positive and Negative Affectively Scale (PANS; Watson, Clark, Telling, 1998). This 20-item scale was used to assess positive and negative ambient mood. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they felt the emotions ‘right now’ on a 5-point Liker scale, ranging from very slightly or not at all (1) to extremely (5). Both the positive mood scale (a = 0. 90) and the negative mood scale (a = 0. 4) are considered highly reliable. Example positive mood descriptors included interested, excited, strong, proud and inspired. Example negative mood descriptors included distressed, upset, guilty, irritable and nervous. Positive affect is calculated by summing scores from all 10 positive items, with higher scores indicating greater positive affect. Positive meaning finding. A series of questions adapted from those reported by Tugged and Frederickson (2004) were administered in order to assess the degree to which participants found meaning in their described event. To prompt meaning finding, participants completed two open ended the significance of the event? Specific meaning finding questions included: ‘To what extent do you feel you might benefit from this situation in the long term? ; ‘How likely s it that there is something to learn from this experience? ; and ‘How easy is it to find meaning in the described event? Ratings for these questions were made on a seven- point scale, ranging from not at all (1) to extremely (7). Meaning finding was calculated by summing scores for these three questions. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2007 (LAIC; Francis Baneberry, 1996). All written positive disclosure essays were converted into individual word documents and analyzed through the LAIC program. The LAIC program was used to yield descriptive data on the number of costive and negative emotion words, and insight words used in the written disclosure pieces. In addition it was used to generate percentages of insight words used in the extended response positive meaning finding questions. The LAIC program has been found to correlate with Judges’ ratings in the range of . 37 to . 81 (Francis Baneberry, 1996). Procedure Data were collected from participants in either face-to-face or online first-year classes. Upon commencing the class, participants were introduced to the session as one on emotions. Qualities was the software program used to host the online survey. Participants were asked to pay close attention to instructions provided during the testing session. The session commenced with the ERR-89, DADS-21, GHZ, all of which served as distraction questionnaires, and the PANS. Following completion of these, the experimenter informed participants that they would complete a 15 minute writing task and that it was important that they tried to type for the entire 15 minutes. Participants were randomly assigned to the positive, neutral, or negative written disclosure condition. Participants in the positive written disclosure condition achieved the following instructions: Write about the most intensely positive experience of your life. Write about the experience in as much detail as you can. Really get into it and freely express any and all emotions or thoughts that you have about the experience. As you write, do not worry about punctuation or grammar; Just really let go and write as much as you can about the experience. Participants in the negative written disclosure condition were instructed to do the following: For the next 1 5 minutes write about the most important personal problem you are currently acing in your life. Write about the experience in as much detail as you can. Really get into it and freely express any and all emotions or thoughts that you have about the experience. As you write, do not worry about punctuation or grammar; Just really let go and write as much as you can about the experience. Continue writing until you are instructed to stop by the researcher. Finally, those in the control condition were asked to write about the activities of their day thus far in the most structured and detailed format possible (for an example see Tugged Frederickson, 2004). The experimenter stopped participants at the end of the 1 5 minutes and directed them to continue with the rest of the experiment. The remainder of the test consisted of a post-test PANS, positive meaning finding and demographic questions. Once completed, participants were debriefed and provided with experimenter contact details should they require further information regarding the experiment. Results Prior to running the statistical analyses all data were screened for normality and positive written disclosure statements revealed participants chose to write about a wide variety of positive experiences. The five most common positive experiences included parenthood, establishing a significant relationship with a life partner, traveling overseas, career, and academic achievements. The five most common negative experiences included future career prospects, current employment, financial concerns, mental health, and relationship issues. Hypothesis 1 stated that writing about an intense positive experience will result in a greater increase in positive affect. To examine whether positive affect increased, change in positive affect scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-test from the cost-test positive PANS score. A one-way NOVA with three levels of the independent variable (positive, neutral, or negative written disclosure task) was performed to test the impact of the written tasks on change in positive affect. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between the neutral (M = -1. 12, SD = 5. 6), negative (M = -3. 81 , SD = 9. 54), and positive written disclosure conditions (M 3. 14, SD = 7. 34) for change in positive affect scores, F(2, 173) = 12. 14, p 0. 001. Post hoc analyses using Bonferroni adjustments revealed that the differences between he positive and negative, and the positive and neutral conditions were significant to the . 001 level for change in positive affect. This finding suggest s that participants in the positive written disclosure condition experienced a greater increase in positive affect following the task, compared to those in the neutral and negative conditions. Hypothesis 2 proposed that writing about an intense positive experience will result in greater meaning finding. A one-way NOVA was calculated to compare meaning finding scores between the three conditions following the written task. Results valued that there was a significant difference between the neutral (M = 14. 60, SD = 4. 20), negative (M = 15. 46, SD = 4. 35), and positive written disclosure conditions (M 19. 24, SD = 2. 65) for meaning finding scores, F(l, 189) = 24. 60, p 0. 001. Post hoc analyses using Bonfire adjustments revealed that the differences between the positive and negative, and the positive and neutral conditions were significant to the . 001 level. Participants who wrote about an intense positive life experience elicited greater positive meaning from the experience, compared to those who wrote about a active experience, or the days events. Discussion This data indicates that writing about positive and negative experiences increases and decreases affect accordingly, in conjunction with neutral conditions. The data also represents a greater meaning finder in participants engaged with positive written expression as opposed to negative and neutral conditions, with negative written expression producing the lower meaning finder of the two. With the hypothesis of the expressive writing paradigm in mind, it may be said that obtained results support this suggestion. In previous mention of the term, the expressive rating paradigm has been supported in many studies over long periods of time and through rather more intense conditions; such as the example of breast cancer survivors (Lu, Ghent, Young, Gawk-Singer, LOL, 2012). Furthermore, previous studies focus greatly on the expression of traumatic instances (Baneberry, 1997) quite the opposite in that negative expressive writing produces a negative affect and lower meaning finder among participants. These results, however, are compared to that of writing positive experiences and so it may be said that a decreased score would be expected. Alternatively, being a cross-sectional design, perhaps more interesting results would be compiled from a series of written expression of the same account in the case of a negative experience. From previous studies, it is implied that regular written expression of a negative experience may produce positive results, contrary to those shown in this study. One of the implications of this study may be related to indulging regularly in written accounts of positive experience to improve positive affect and meaning finding. Future studies, however, would benefit from the analysis of regular positive written expression. As is shown in previous studies with that of traumatic events, increased confrontation through written expression is shown to reduce negative affect. It may be possible that the opposite effect adhere to regular confrontation of positive experience. Perhaps this positive experience would decrease in positivist, or even have a reverse effect over time. The limitations of this study include, primarily, the tested participants. Undergraduate psychology students may not accurately represent the population. Many other studies of the same caliber have an inclination to testing of traumatic situations among a particular sub-group. Interesting would be the results obtained from a randomly selected participant group, and measuring them both for instant results and results over a number of tests. A further limitation may be described in the means in which data was collected. Lending to an intrusive subject matter, a face-to-face collection in class may not yield the greatest results. Anonymity to observer aside, students sitting within close proximity to another student may feel threatened by invasion of privacy and not reveal inner most feelings, effecting results. Furthermore, participation in the study was of a compulsory status. This may have affected the amount of effort students put into discussion as opposed perhaps to an individual actively seeking treatment or even involvement in a study. To prevent possible confounds in the future, ideally, participants would be of a random selection of willing volunteers. If unattainable however, it may prove advantages to separate students among the class too radius in which their test cannot be overlooked. Despite these limitations, this study shows promising results by suggestion that positive expression writing increases positive affect and greater meaning finding. These results may prove useful in a variety of situations and therapies; though further testing should be undergone to discover the extent of its effect. How to cite Affectability of positive and negative written personal accounts, Papers

Academic Writing Memoir

Question: Discuss about theAcademic Writingfor Memoir. Answer: The Truth in Memoir Writing Memoir is considered a subgenre under the category of Creative nonfiction. According to Henderson, the author incorporates into the memoir a part of his lifes event. The objective of memoir is to reveal the authors experiences. Dollins discussed that the main difference between autobiography or biography and memoir is that the former covers the complete life of the author. Memoirs should include real facts, true stories of the authors life. In the given passages, the Patricia Hampl and Salman Rushdie have outlined the definition of Memoir. In the passage one, Patricia Hampl has discussed that memoir and fiction are not the same and any accusation of from the critics part is unjustified. Singer, and Nicole discussed, Memoir, as a genre is accused with intermixing memory with imagination. Her point of argument in this essay centers on the role of memory in writing nonfiction and its difference from imagination. Hampl argued that memoir is the best tool to channelize ones emotion while revealing real facts (Hampl, 1996). It is a fact that every person attaches some amount of emotion and imagination to his experiences. An autobiography or journalistic writing might reveal the facts; however, these are unable to project the real emotional outcome of the author. Memoir accomplishes this task effectively. Hampl argued that each person has a real past that is tangible and made with real stuffs that he has undergone. (Hampl, 1996) However, not everything is preserved in the mind. People tend to remember some facts accurately and forget some completely. Memory plays the vital role whenever one decides to share those events. She has discussed that whatever is stored accurately as a memory can be expressed in details. It does not mean that those facts are not real or imaginary. In cases where reality cannot be depicted in its complete shape, the imagination of the author reconstructs a portion of it without violating the main essence of the narrative. (Hampl, 1996) In any of those instances, the writer never moves out of reality and enters into the domain of fiction writing. Memoir is definitely not a fiction. Fiction does not include any real facts uttered by the narrator. According to Frye, Hampl has brought the question of why a writer should select memoir as a style of writing over biography while sharing his life stories. It is a point of argument why a writer should write memoir and not an autobiography if he has decided to express his own experiences. Patricia Hampl discusses the answer in this book. She said that memoir enables the writer to incorporate his subjective self or subjective point of view into the narrative (Hampl, 1996). Every situation or every experience never adds value to our lives if it is devoid of any personal emotion. Karr also opined that the emotional outcome that is a result of the subjective point of view acts a link between the author and the narrative. Unlike the fiction, memoir is a documentation of real events with real emotions. Therefore, the readers feel mote involvement with the story. Karr said, Hampl explains that it is the gift of the narrators to transform the experience through creative imagination and adds value to that experience. Memoir does this job effectively. The second passage, extracted from Salman Rusdies memoir Imaginary Homelands, defines memoir as an effective subgenre of Creative nonfiction. The confusion of a writer while describing the real emotions is clearly brought out by Rushdie. He uttered that when he looked through his window and found a beautiful scene of the city, he felt that it is not something that he has imaganied (Rushdie 2012). His imagination was completely different from what he has experienced. However, as a writer of nonfiction narrative, he is bound to project the real events and real emotions. He is not allowed to exercise his imagination while describing how the city of North London looks from the windowpane (Rushdie 2012). The discussion of memory, imagination and creativity in the nonfiction writing is very different here from the previous extracted piece of writing by Patricia Hampl. According to Juhl, here the focus of the narrator is to upheld the truth about utilizing memory and bring the past back wit hout any distortion. The subjectivity of the narrator plays a major role in this instance. He wanted o present his own version of history through his experiences. As Rushdie discussed, this version should be different from all the other possible versions experienced and shared by other people. A mere nonfiction prose, however, states the fact. This fact might be same for everybody. Rushdie opined that memoir makes the difference in this case. Hidalgo discussed, Memoir explores the real fact replete with the subjective experience of the narrator. It describes the way the reality has affected or influenced the narrator, which varies from one person to another. However, Rushdie does not ignore the questions of accuracy and authenticity. He explained that he has tried to remain imaginatively true. Although, the truth of the imagination is a matter of suspicion for many people, yet that is the best possible way to explore a new and different version of the real fact. He argued that any o ther person might not experience his version of the reality; however, it does not make his version false. This version might also not be included into the history, yet it is not false. The way Rushdie has experienced India and especially Bombay, might never be the same again, and it might not be found in the future too. Still, it is his experience and should not be included into the genre of fiction. It is not his imagination that he has shared; rather it is the subjective point of view that he has incorporated into the narrative. To make his point clear to the readers, Rushdie has introduced a narrator named Saleem who narrates the story. Through Saleem, Rushdie has shared his real experiences. As already discussed, Rushdie has made an argument that our memory does not remember everything and therefore, it is impossible to describe everything. To project this concept, Rushdie has made Saleem having a fallible memory. It is a matter of argument whether a novel is considered a memoir or not. An autobiography can be considered a memoir. A biography can never be a memoir because the subjective self of the narrator is not present in the novel that a memoir strongly demands. Some novels that claim to have based on any real life incidents are also not included in the genre of memoir if it is based on the experience of any other person. The narrator must share his own experience creatively through the narrative. It is clearly pointed out by Hampl as she mentioned the intersection of narration and reflection in the memoir. It is the subjectivity of the narrative that makes all the differences. A creative nonfiction writer will show the topic or the subject, place and personality through actions. Memoir is one such genre of creative nonfiction, where the writer focuses on presenting the I of the writer. The inclusion of subjectivity attaches an amount of suspicion into the narrative. Both Hampl and Rushdie have introduced this point of argument in their works. On one hand, human memory is not bound to store everything that it is gone by. The question is to maintain factual accuracy by not filling the blank with the imagination of the author. Hampl has written that a memoirist always have her story already finished and completely achieved in reality. In such a situation, the memoir is nothing but a transcription of the history. Her words justify the authenticity of her narrative. She has discussed how memory plays an important role in recollection of the real facts. As she said that she did not remember anything about her first arithmetic lessons, yet the memory of the first piano lesson is accurately preserved in her mind. Her discussion negates the allegation of falsification. The memoir that she has written is replete with minute details of experiences because she has actually remembered those things. On the other hand, Rushdie has argued that it is impossible to recall every detail. Therefore, he made his narrator having a fallible memory. It does not make the narrative a fiction; rather it is an important component of memoir as a genre. Defining Non Fiction Creative non-fiction is also named literary nonfiction and narrative nonfiction. The style is marked by producing narratives that are factually accurate. As a genre, it is contrasted with other types of nonfiction including academic or technical writing and even journalistic style of writing because all these technique focus on presenting fact based narratives. However, creative nonfiction is gaining acceptance with time. One thing that comes to mind is that in what ways other nonfiction is different to creative nonfiction. In addition, how can nonfiction be creative? It can be understood by analyzing creative nonfiction as a separate genre. The main objective of the nonfiction writer is to provide accurate information about any real incident. However, his presentation should be in a way that appears as a fiction. Various narrative forms belonging to this genre include biography, memoir, autobiography, literary journalism, food related writing, diary, travelogue, chronicles, and personal essays. There are other hybridized essays that are part of this genre. According to Williams, the genre of creative writing can be divided into two sub-categories namely Personal essay and journalistic essay. Apart from this opinion, another critic Kerr has outlined four distinctive characteristics of this genre. He emphasized on the inclusion of documentable subject matter taken from the real world and not something invented in the mind of the writer. It tries to establish the fact that creative nonfiction should include real facts of the real world. The second characteristic of this genre is exhaustive research. It allows the writer to channelize novel perspective through the narratives. Exhaustive Research also permits the writers to include verifiable references in the text that enhance the credibility of their narratives. The third characteristic of Creative nonfiction is the scene. It means that the writers should describe and portray a scene in a contrast to the journalistic style of writing. The forth characteristic of it is named as fine writing: a literary prose style. It refers to the polished and organized writing style of the narrator that makes the narrative attractive to the readers. Apart from all the characteristics discussed in the above, the creative nonfiction can also have a style of traditional style of fiction writing (Girard, 2015). As Starkey has discussed, in many of the well-known creative nonfiction essays, the author is found using the style of fiction writing while providing real facts about a real event. Fenton Johnsons Story of love and loss, and Geography of the heart, and Patty Hearst by Virginia Holman are found to follow this trend. It is a fact that the genre has undergone many experiments and is still going through it. The main question is in what ways and to what extent the creative nonfiction can be creative. The level and limitation of creativity have been discussed by the authors. In his book Silvertown, Melanie McGrath has mentioned that the real facts in the stories act as the canvas on which he has embroidered and those facts that are absent are replaced by the reimagined scenes or events to match the real essence of the scene (McGra th, 2012). He believed that such reconstruction does not alter the truth but enhanced it. Not all critics have agreed on inclusion of reconstructed events. One important aspect has been discussed by Himmelheber et al, they discussed that memory, which is the storehouse of all the real facts, reconstruct real facts unconsciously. It is not always possible to write exactly the same actions that took place. Human memory keeps the main essence intact based on which it provide facts. Therefore, human memory is termed as the ultimate mythmaker. According to Beaumont, even if one writes a journalistic price of writing based on a interview, the writer is unable to provide exact words of the interviewee. The main points included in the published writing should retain the real facts; however, it is impossible to avoid imagination at all. Use of creative imagination is profound in such instances. Often the journalists are accused with presenting falsifying stories. It can be said that they hav e failed to channelize their creative thinking. Creative imagination of the author should not exaggerate or overshadow the real facts. It should support the Factual evidences with proper style and presentation. Any falsification of facts in case of journalistic essays is considered unethical. This issue of ethics is applied in other types of Creative nonfiction too. The purpose is to project the truth. According to Einstein, creative nonfiction deals with both truth and accuracy, that is expected from nonfiction writing. Pickett has observed that since the genre of creative nonfiction started gaining acceptance from the readers and the authors, some critics have talked about the limitation of the art form. Writing in scenes, which is an important element of creative nonfiction, indicates the difference between telling and showing. It is observed that a nonfiction writer mainly introduces a subject or a topic, a place or any personality. However, a creative nonfiction writer will show the topic or the subject, place and personality through actions. It has resulted into the development of subgenres under the category of personal essay. Memoir is one such genre of creative nonfiction, where the writer focuses on presenting the I of the writer. Memory and Imagination by Patricia Hampl is a creative nonfiction narrative. It falls into the subgenre of memoir. Here the narrator has shared her childhood experiences in a creative manner. Hampl describes the role of music in her family life, as her father was a violin player. Hampl learnt music from her father and used to perform duets with him. The story is presented in detail. According to Gutkind, from the very beginning of the story, the facts appeared to be believable. However, it is found that not every single details presented in the narrative is not true. Some of them are the projection of Hampls own imagination. Through the narrative, she has tried to demonstrate the need of the people while writing or reading a memoir. Hampl has tried to establish the importance of imagination in memoir writing. However, the first draft of the narrative introduced only the basic concept of what to write; then the writer shifted to the detailed discussion. Through her memoir, Hampl has e xpressed the hidden emotions and images. This is what many critics have talked about as the violation of the authenticity of nonfiction writing. While presenting her life story, Hampl has incorporated her emotions and experiences into the narrative. The existence of the self or the I within the structure of the nonfiction writing is what makes it a piece of creative nonfiction (Hampl, 1996). On the other hand, Freeman discussed, the existence of the self in the narrative is an evidence of truth and reality. Whatever she has experienced in her childhood, she has expressed it to the readers. The memories of that she shares, the memories of her parents compelling her to become the person they wanted, the kinds of punishments and consequences that she survives, everything is described with effective choice of words. The debate was whether these words are exaggeration or real emotions. Words such as tortured flair, artistry, gleamed are mainly found in fiction prose. According to Concha, Hampl has used these words to show the situation she has faced. All creative nonfiction writers should have the idea about the limitations of providing emotional overtones. Through the scenes, she has presented her story. The readers are able to see what she has wanted to show them. It goes perfectly with the concept of creative nonfiction. Apart from the scenes, Hampl has maintained all the four elements of Creative nonfiction. She has retained all the other elements of creative nonfiction in this memoir. She has documented the real life events, exercises her perspective through experiences, presented the scenes, and written in beautiful literary prose style. To discuss whether Hampl is successful in presenting real events without any exaggeration, a close look at the prose will be given. While reading the story, the readers will find the detailed description of the characters mentioned by the author. She described Sister Olive Marie as small, plump woman. She has mentioned the name of the real people. It is found in the name of Thompson (Hampl, 1996). However, Hampl has justified why she has chosen the genre of memoir while intending to share her childhood experiences. She has written that a memoirist always have her story already finished and completely achieved in reality. In such a situation, the memoir is nothing but a transcription of the history. Her words justify the authenticity of her narrative. She has discussed how memory plays an important role in recollection of the real facts. As she said that she did not remember anything about her first arithmetic lessons, yet the memory of the first piano lesson is accurately preserved in her mind. Her discussion negates the allegation of falsification. According to Himmelheber et al, the memoir that she has written is replete with minute details of experiences because she has actually remembered those things. Therefore, when she utters that, the sun makes me sneeze, the reader is supposed to accept it as a real experience of that particular moment because Hampl has actually remembered them. Caulley opined, on the other hand, when she mentioned that she has added her creativity to differentiate the narrative from mere transcription, the reader is bound to accept the areas where creativity occurred. Hampl has pointed out that memoir is considered nonfiction because each person has a real and tangible past. In this book, she has only brought that past in front of the readers. As it is her life events and she is the person who is writing, it is supposed to include her subjective point of view. Therefore, it is very much a piece of creative nonfiction. References Beaumont, Karen. "Delving into the fourth genre."English in Aotearoa88 (2016): 26. Caulley, Darrel N. "Making qualitative research reports less boring: The techniques of writing creative nonfiction."Qualitative Inquiry(2008). Concha, Jaime. "memoirs and his transpoetic dimension."anales de literatura chilena. Vol. 14. No. 19. Centro estudios literatura chilena, av vicuna mackenna 4860, santiago, 00000, chile: pontificia univ catolica chile, fac letras,, 2013. Dollins, Cynthia A. "Crafting Creative Nonfiction: From Close Reading to Close Writing."The Reading Teacher(2016). Einstein, Sarah E.Person, Place, and Thing. Diss. Ohio University, 2016. Freeman, Robin, and Karen Le Rossignol. "Writer-as-narrator: engaging the debate around the (un) reliable narrator in memoir and the personal essay."Text: journal of writing and writing programs19.1 (2015): 1-1. Frye, Northrop.Anatomy of criticism. Princeton University Press, 2015. Girard, Rosemary. "The Professional Writer's Many Personae: Creative Nonfiction, Popular Writing, Speechwriting, and Personal Narrative." (2015). Gutkind, Lee.You can't make this stuff up: The complete guide to writing creative nonfiction--from memoir to literary journalism and everything in between. Da Capo Press, 2012 Hampl, Patricia. "Memory and imagination."The anatomy of memory: An anthology(1996): 201-11. Henderson, Charles.Within the writing genre of creative nonfiction: drafting a memoir as an effective way to present an epic cultural question to a wide audience. Diss. University of Wales Lampeter, 2014. Hidalgo, Cristina Pantoja. "Reading and Writing Creative Nonfiction."Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature(2015). Himmelheber, Rachel Haley, et al. "10 Terms Trends: Creative Writing and the Academy."What We Talk about When We Talk about Creative Writing14 (2016). Juhl, Peter D.Interpretation: An essay in the philosophy of literary criticism. Princeton University Press, 2014. Karr, Mary.The art of memoir. HarperCollins, 2015. Kerr, Jaren. "The Author as a Protagonist and Artist: Applying the Auteur Theory to Creative." (2015). McGrath, Melanie.Silvertown: an East End family memoir. HarperCollins UK, 2012 Nagy, Jamie K.Composing a Literary Adoption Memoir and Self Through Creative Nonfiction Memoir Writing. Diss. English Department, South Dakota State University, 2015. Pickett, Michael. "An Analysis of Narrative and Voice in Creative Nonfiction."Journal of Arts and Humanities2.7 (2013): 1. Rushdie, Salman.Imaginary homelands: Essays and criticism 1981-1991. Random House, 2012. Singer, Margot, and Nicole Walker, eds.Bending genre: Essays on creative nonfiction. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2013. Starkey, David.Creative writing: Four genres in brief. Macmillan Higher Education, 2012. Williams, Bronwyn T. "Writing Creative Nonfiction."A Companion to Creative Writing(2013): 24-39.

How to Write A Critical Précis Your Professor Will Never Forget

A critical prà ©cis is a type of academic writing where you summarize another piece of text, its main ideas and arguments, in particular, to provide insight into its authors thesis.So, it happened again. Your teacher assigned yet another paper to you. It sounds something like write a prà ©cis, in 800-1000 words (approximately four double-spaced pages), of the first two-thirds of Reading: An Intertextual Activity, by Robert Scholes. Your precis should cover Scholes’s essay through the top of page 28.And we can almost hear you thinking:What the heck is going on here, what is a precis?Derived from French, the word â€Å"prà ©cis† means a summary. So, if your professors give you such writing assignments, they want you to summarize some text and convey the summary in minimum words.A critical prà ©cis is a clear, concise, and logical summary of a passage preserving its essential ideas only.Before writing a prà ©cis, make sure you clearly understand its peculiarities and specification.The first and foremost:A prà ©cis is NOT an essay or re-writing. It shouldnt tell but summarize a core essence of the original document and provide readers with the information about its significance and worth.In other words:Even if your audience didnt read the original abstract, they should have a clear idea about its content and meaning after checking your prà ©cis. A prà ©cis explains the main point and structure of the original work but doesnt offer any evaluations or your personal reactions.A Critical Prà ©cis CharacteristicsWhen assigned to write a critical prà ©cis, make sure you understand its characteristics which are:A prà ©cis is a critical summary of writing abstracts.A prà ©cis is NOT re-writing or interpretation of the original.It is NOT written with words from the original, though you are welcome to use some quotes if appropriate.It summarizes the content of the original.A prà ©cis reveals a meaning of the original and explains its value.As a rul e, a prà ©cis is 1/4 of the original in length, except as noted.It follows the standard format: an authors thesis and methods he uses to represent it, results, and conclusion.Why do professors assign a critical prà ©cis writing to students?First, it helps them understand how good you are with critical thinking, summarizing, and highlighting the crucial information. And second, writing a prà ©cis is a great way of learning new material.A Critical Prà ©cis QualitiesA prà ©cis will demonstrate your writing skills to professors, as well as your ability to express your thoughts intelligibly. Make sure your paper highlights the following qualities:Clarity, which means your reader should understand what a writer intended to convey. Achieve it through using simple language and structure of your precis.Correctness, which means you should watch spelling, grammar, and punctuation you use, as well as facts, figures, and dates you address.Objectivity, which means candid construal of the inf ormation. Dont give your opinion in a prà ©cis.Coherence, which means the logical interconnection of the originals ideas. Your audience shouldnt lose their interest while reading.Conciseness, which means avoiding unnecessary details in your prà ©cis. Dont omit essential facts but avoid wordy expressions, repetitions, wateriness, etc.How to Write A Critical Prà ©cisâ€Å"I didnt have time to write a short letter, so I wrote a long one instead.† ― Mark TwainOne of the most famous American essayists, Mr. Twain nailed it: short doesnt equal quick and easy to write, especially if you write a summary, not simple re-writing of the original. So, the process of writing a prà ©cis starts with critical reading and research:Read the original piece carefully.Specify its main points and arguments.Consider the evidence used by the author.Research unfamiliar material (definitions, statements, unknown words, data, etc.)Identify the appeals used by the writer.Evaluate how the author conveyed meaning.Restate the thesis.Write a 1-2 sentence summary of each section of the article.Describe the piece in your own words.Reread the article and compare it with your summary.Now its time to start writing the final draft of your critical prà ©cis. Begin with paraphrasing the thesis and your 1-2 sentence statements, then review it to make sure youve explained the main point, identified the evidence, and used the logical structure.Finally, check your prà ©cis for clarity, correctness, and coherence.This sample of a critical prà ©cis will help to understand the sense of such a writing assignment better.Sample 1:Sandra M. Gilbert, professor of English at the University of California, Davis, in her essay â€Å"Plain Jane’s Progress† (1977), suggests that Charlotte Brontà « intended Jane Eyre to resemble John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress in that Jane’s pilgrimage through a series of events based on the enclosure and escape motif eventually lead toward the equality that Brontà « herself sought. Gilbert supports this conclusion by using the structure of the novel to highlight the places Jane has been confined, the changes she undergoes during the process of escape, and the individuals and experiences that lead to her maturation concluding that this marriage of true minds at Ferndean – this is the way (501). Her purpose is to help readers see the role of women in Victorian England in order to help them understand the uniqueness and daring of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work. She establishes a formal relationship with her audience of literary scholars interested in feminist criticism who are familiar with the work of Brontà «, Bunyan, Lord Byron and others and are intrigued by feminist theory as it relates to Victorian literature.Source: Winthrop.eduFollow the StructureA critical prà ©cis is not an essay, but its structure looks the same. As well as an essay, a precis consists of three parts:IntroductionThis is a single sentence including the following information:the authorthe title of the piecethe date of its publishing (in parentheses)power verbs determining the authors thesis (such asâ€Å"explains†, â€Å"argues†, â€Å"proves†, etc.)the thesis itselfSome experts suggest starting your prà ©cis with a hook and then restate the authors thesis; others say this type of academic writing doesnt need hooks in introduction. The best decision would be asking a professor about the format of introduction you may use.Example of a critical prà ©cis introduction:BodyEach paragraph explains a separate section of the original piece, providing the authors evidence, purpose, and ideas. Dont forget that you cant interpret arguments from your point of view but should analyze the authors stands on an issue. Feel free to use quotes here, but be brief and attribute them correctly.This sample of a critical prà ©cis makes it all clear:Sample 2:In her article â€Å"Who Cares if Johnny Cant Read ?† (1997), Larissa MacFarquhar asserts that Americans are reading more than ever despite claims to the contrary and that it is time to reconsider why we value reading so much, especially certain kinds of â€Å"high culture† reading. MacFarquhar supports her claims about American reading habits with facts and statistics that compare past and present reading practices, and she challenges common assumptions by raising questions about readings intrinsic value. Her purpose is to dispel certain myths about reading in order to raise new and more important questions about the value of reading and other media in our culture. She seems to have a young, hip, somewhat irreverent audience in mind because her tome is sarcastic, and she suggests that the ides she opposes are old-fashioned positions.Source: Bakersfieldcollege.eduConclusionIt should restate the main idea. Summarize everything and remember to avoid any personal statements about the original piece.Source: TeacherWeb.comMo re samples needed to understand the nature of a critical prà ©cis and get a better idea of how to write it right? No problem!Sample 3:In her essay â€Å"Cyberspace and Identity† (1999), Sherry Turkle argues that â€Å"today’s life on the screen dramatizes and concretizes a range of cultural trends that encourage us to think of identity in terms of multiplicity and flexibility† (272). Turkle supports her assertion by juxtaposing theories of cyberspace and identity formation with older understandings of identity found in psychology, sociology, and philosophy. Her purpose is to show readers that theories on cyberspace and identity, which claim that identity is multiple and cyclical, do not overturn, but rather add to our understandings of identity in order to encourage her audience â€Å"to rethink our relationship to the computer culture and psychoanalytic culture as proudly held joint citizenship† (278). Turkle’s tone assumes a highly educated audi ence who is familiar with theories not only of cyberspace and identity, but sociology and psychology as well.Source: RSU.eduSample 4:Charles S. Peirces article The Fixation of Belief (1877) asserts that humans have psychological and social mechanisms designed to protect and cement (or fix) our beliefs. Peirce backs this claim up with descriptions of four methods of fixing belief, pointing out the effectiveness and potential weaknesses of each method. Peirces purpose is to point out the ways that people commonly establish their belief systems in order to jolt the awareness of the reader into considering how their own belief system may the product of such methods and to consider what Peirce calls the method of science as a progressive alternative to the other three. Given the technical language used in the article, Peirce is writing to a well-educated audience with some knowledge of philosophy and history and a willingness to consider other ways of thinking.Source: Oregonstate.eduFurt her reading:Rhetorical Prà ©cis WritingThe Rhetorical Prà ©cis: Explanations and ExamplesThe Rhetorical Prà ©cis Format

Personal Essay on Changing Schools Essays

Personal Essay on Changing Schools Essays Personal Essay on Changing Schools Essay Personal Essay on Changing Schools Essay When I found out I was changing schools I felt like my whole world was going to end. I did not want to leave my old school and my friends. My dad received a job opportunity and was transferred to another state so my family and I did not have a choice but to go. So much anxiety built up inside as I realized that I had to make new friends at a new school. Also, being aware that I had to retake a class because some of my credits did not transfer. When I did began my first week of school my whole life changed for the better. On the first day of school I cruised into class thinking to myself, â€Å"I can most likely make this new school thing work.† The first desk I saw was open so I sat in it. The teacher called me to the front of the class. I was really nervous as the palm of my hands became sweaty as I walked to the front of the class. She politely stated, â€Å"Class we have new student. Her name is Sarahlyn Argrow.† I went back to my desk with a smile on my face. When t he bell rang I went to my next class which was economics. Economics was one of the classes I had to retake because it didn’t transfer over from my other high school. I met my best friend till this day Leya Ferguson in my economic class. As I am sitting in the front of the class a girl came and sat in the desk right next to me. â€Å"Hey what is your name? Are you new here?† she questioned. â€Å"Hi my name is Sarahlyn Argrow and yes I am new here.† I delightedly replied. We continued the conversation. We both were able to get to know each other very well. We started going to the movies, mall, and just hanging out. We got along well. We even tried out for the cheerleading team together; an experience I will never forget! We both made the team and have been the close of friends ever since. Making new friends wasn’t as hard as I thought it was going to be. Making the cheerleading team came with a lot of great things. The team was very nice and they welcomed me onto the team with open arms. I became captain and so did my friend Leya. Coming onto the cheerleading I thought it was going to be hard to find my place on a new team. I was used to being around with the girls at my old school. However, the transition was very easy and I became comfortable very quickly. When I changed to a new school my perspective changed on the situation. I made a great best friend that is still my best friend. I made the cheerleading team and made more amazing friends. I had to retake a class but exceeded in it so it was not bad at all. Thinking back on it, if I had not changed schools I do not know how my life would be like. I realized that sometime good things come out of change and a lot good things came out of my situation. From my experience through this journey I learned that when something changes it can be for the better and not always for the worse. So I am thankful till this day.

Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Globalization - Assignment Example The primary reason for this is greed, because most of those businesses literally rip off their workers. They make huge profits through exporting their products but still expect their employees to work for meager wages under tough conditions. Because of this, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has instituted punitive and very harsh sanctions that are meant to prevent workers in developing countries from being exploited. This, however, has put Western governments and consumers at crossroads. This is because the governments want consumers to be able to purchase the commodities they need, but at the same time they do not want to appear to be supporting the oppressive business owners (Stabile, 2008). Local companies generally produce similar goods but at much higher prices, therefore they are not popular with consumers (Waltman, 2004). I mean, why buy a carpet manufactured in America for $50 when you can buy the same carpet for $30 if it is Chinese-made? Eventually, consumers will pay more to support the living wage for overseas workers. This is because even if they were to pay more, it would still be considerably lower than the prices they would have to pay for similar products manufactured in the Western world. Governments are aware of this and therefore they will press upon the exporting countries to ensure that factory and business owners’ wages meet the minimum requirements. This, I believe, would be satisfactory for all parties

Virtualization strategy for mid-sized businesses Assignment

Virtualization strategy for mid-sized businesses - Assignment Example Moreover, it also guarantees high availability and reduction in response time by offering instantaneous failover and revival of the business application to its usual operation (Mikkilineni & Kankanhalli, 2010) Virtualization is the formation of a  virtual  (instead of genuine) version of an application or device, such as a  server, an  operating system, a storage device or network resources. Additionally, the virtualization is rising rapidly and holds close a number of technologies at differing phases of development, for instance, OS virtualization, virtual containers, and streaming. Despite the fact that it is inflexible to understand the critical vision, thus to virtualize the businesses, companies need to look at the capabilities they have or virtualization technologies exist in the market and choose those that provide them with instant benefits at the same time as helping the them to go in the right way (Dunlop, 2009; Drake, 2009) Virtualization would be helpful to the co mpanies to take advantages of two or more virtual computing architectures, with different operating systems and applications on one of hardware virtually and cost-effectively. In view of the fact that, virtualization basically reduces the coupling between users, operating systems, and applications from the definite hardware features of the systems they use to carry out computational tasks. Additionally, this technology guarantees to go together with in an entirely new wave of software and hardware modernization and also offer simplifying system upgrades and in some cases may eliminate the need for such upgrades (Golden & Scheffy, 2008). Essence and Benefits of Virtualization Virtualization strategies can be helpful for mid-sized businesses in optimizing their resource utilization. According to (Microsoft Corporation, 2006; Powell, 2009), businesses are adopting the virtualization strategies to assemble the resources of the infrastructure which may enable the business to efficiently manage workload operations. Thus, it results in the reduction of costs. Virtualization strategies may improve the business efficiency by promising a reducing the number of failures in operations of business, reduction in the downtime of resources and planning for recovery from failures which may ensure increased availability of the resources owned by a business. In addition to operation, virtualization strategies allow mid-sized businesses to ensure the authorized and optimized usage of their resources by the enforcement of service level agreements. It may enable the dynamic allocation of resources, ultimately increasing the business agility. There are several technologies that ensure the realization of virtualization. According to (Singh, 2009), virtual machine (VM) is the most common technology that can be adopted or used to recognize the virtualization

Shopping consumerism researsh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shopping consumerism researsh - Essay Example It has popularly grown over recent years, mostly because customers find it easy and convenient to negotiate shops from the comfort of their home or office. One of the most persuading factors about online shopping, mainly during holiday seasons, is that it reduces the need for waiting in long lines or searching from store to store for an item. In shopping malls, traditional shoppers peruse through the displays and aisles to find what they want, sometimes finding products that they were not even seeking. Online shoppers tend to use search engines to find products or product categories. Online shopping will be increasingly based on the shop knowing more and more about the individual shopper. Therefore, we’re going to see the online shopping experience be based more and more on automatically displaying products that the shopper is known to like (Chuanlan 2007). It is easier to shop over the internet. I have tried it a lot of times, and I know why I say so. According to (Elmer 2012), consumer information, which in online shopping is in the internet, plays a vital role in diminishing the spheres of sales, production, and distribution. The internet offers a wider platform for sellers to market and advertise their products, and for consumers to view, select and purchase whatever they are interested in. The most fundamental aim of Internet shopping is to cause an improvement on the customer and vender services. It upholds the details of addition of new customers, product receipts, product deletion and updating, and customer payments. Internet shopping also stocks up details of invoices generated by consumers and their payments, including details of payment such as credit card. In online shopping, customers find a merchandise of interest by paying a visit to the retailer’s website directly or by performing a search among optional vendors with the use of a shopping search engine. Once a

Wireless Network Security

Wireless Network Security There is a growing need to find lasting solutions on how to deal with security issues involving with wireless networks, in order to make them as secure as possible. The growth of the Internet has been an explosive since inception, and this has lead to a great increase in the number of portable/mobile computing and communication devices such as notebook computers and mobile phones, in recent years. As manufacturers constantly improve on the features, and general capabilities of mobile devices, the Internet also continues to get bigger and to improve, even at a faster rate than these mobile devices. In fact, the market for mobile computing and telecommunications is likely to overtake the market for fixed (conventional) computing and telecommunications, in the near future. This is because there has been a consistent growth in the demand for mobile devices for computing and telecommunications. [1] Without a doubt, wireless technology was has been a very relevant and vital breakthrough in the computer and telecommunications world, and the Wireless third generation (3G) network is proving to be increasingly beneficial to many users of various networks. The main advantages of the 3G networks are that they provide a lot more interconnectivity and, a better and wider reach. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has also been advantageous. Some of the advantages of WLAN include the use of Broadband service with low costs and wide-reaching technology. Therefore, integrating 3G wireless networks with wireless local area network was invented, naturally, so as to get the best of both words of3G wireless network and WLAN. [1] http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-48/NIST_SP_800-48.pdf Background. WLAN and 3G are two key mobile/wireless technologies, which have been identified to have great potential in terms of value to the customer. While 3G is a standard that defines technology that can provide high bandwidth wireless access over a large area and supports various services such as roaming, WLAN is a disruptive technology that provides higher bandwidth within small areas. With WLAN getting integrated to 3G networks, there are several security threats that need to be considered. These are threats that are unique to such an integrated network as well as threats due to the vulnerabilities inherent in each network. The 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) has defined the standards for the integrated WLAN-3G network. The organisation takes into consideration several security issues, as part of its standardisation efforts. However, there are still some gaps in the security that can adversely affect service delivery and vulnerability. From the security point of view, the network architectures are defined for both Roaming and Non-Roaming inter-working scenario. Additional components are specified to the 3GPP network architecture to facilitate inter-working such as Packet Data Gateway (PDG) and WLAN Access Gateway (WAG). The inter-working is based on UMTS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method. This requires a user equipment to run the USIM application. This means that WLAN user equipment is equipped with capability to use UICC smart cards. The inter-working mechanism enables a 3G mobile network subscriber to access WLAN networks operated by different service providers. This also supports roaming scenarios. Wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3-G devices enable users to carry their computers and communication devices around within their offices and homes, without having to handle any wires and without having to disconnect from the network when moving around. There is greater flexibility with these devices, due to less wiring, thereby increasing overall efficiency, and also reduced wiring costs. For instance, networks that use Bluetooth technology can be used for synchronization of data with network systems, and enable the sharing between of computer applications between devices. With Bluetooth functionality, there is no need for printer cables and some other connection equipment for peripheral devices. 3G network based security threats. The key threats for 3G networks in perspective of integration of networks are: Wireless LAN customer who does not have access to 3G networks get access to 3G services without subscription. WLAN user gains access to 3G network and creates issues such as Denial of Service WLAN user gains access to 3G network and uses impersonation for using the service but charging other customers. Manipulation of charging when services like calls are transferred from one network to another. Application and Data related threats. Collection of login details and personal details that are transmitted over the network by using sniffing tools and mechanisms, especially when sufficient transport security is not set. Manipulation of information used for user authentication or service access to gain access to unauthorised services or manipulation of billing. Extracts personal information that are used at other places such as credit card information. Obtain information about user such as permanent identity in the network. Virus attacks from WLAN devices to other devices in the network Trojans and malicious software passed from one end-device to another. For volume based charging model, a rogue partner can flood the user with garbage packets to increase the invoiced amount. Malicious programs on the user terminal that increases the traffic to certain sites or content to illegally increase the traffic. Security Considerations for 3G-WLAN Integrated Networks. The security framework for 3G-WLAN integrated networks consists of various layers. Each security layer is independent of the other layers. However, there needs to be an overall security scheme that connects all the security requirements together. Also, since some of the vulnerabilities can happen at multiple layers, a holistic approach and framework is required to address all the risks of the special network. Authentication security at the user terminal. The authentication scheme in the case of 3G-WLAN should be based on a challenge response protocol similar to the existing mobile communication authentication scheme. This requires that the authentication details in the user terminal to be stored securely on UICC or SIM card. This should support mutual authentication and security mechanisms such EAP. Signalling and User Data Security. The subscriber needs to have the same level of security as the mobile access that is specified for the 3G networks. This means that the WLAN authentication and re-authentication mechanisms must be at the same levels as for 3G USIM based access. It needs to support the maintaining session key verification and maintenance. Also the 3G systems should provide the required keys with sufficient length and levels of entropy that are required by the WLAN subsystem. WLAN key agreement, distribution and authentication mechanism should be secure against any attacks by middlemen. The WLAN access technology between the user equipment and the access point/ network should be able to utilise the generated session keying material to ensure the integrity of the connection for authentication. Privacy of User Identity. The keys used by 3G AAA function that are used for the generation of temporary identities that is used for the communication between the network element and the user terminal should not be possible to recover. If it is possible to retrieve the keys, the permanent identity can be derived from any of the temporary identities. Also it should be possible to mask the different temporary identities corresponding to the permanent identity. Security of the access interface. The access interface between the user equipment and the network element should be protected against eavesdropping and all attacks on the security-relevant information. Sufficient cryptographic mechanisms should be employed to ensure adequate security, and at least 128 bit encryption keys should be used for the security system. The interaction between the different endpoints of the local interface should be properly authenticated and authorised. Also the keys used for the security should not be shared across the local interface links and each interface should use unique keys. Access of the user terminal and SIM remotely should be monitored such that the user can choose to allow or disallow the connection. Displaying of the information should be provided to the user to enable the user to take the decision. Further, the USIM information should be secured when it is transferred across different networks such as 3G core network, WLAN network or any other networks involved. Link Level Security. Wireless link can be classified as the most vulnerable interface among all the interfaces in the 3G-WLAN integrated network. The link layer security provided by the WLAN network should be used for ensuring security at this layer. At this layer, the confidentiality and integrity of user data should be protected. In addition, any signalling information between the user equipment and the access point should also be secured. Another area of vulnerability is the key distribution, key validation, key freshness and key ageing. Security of any Tunnelling. UE can tunnel information to other devices in the Visited PLMN or the Home PLMN. When such tunnelling is employed, the data origin should be authenticated and integrity checks should be supported. Also the confidentiality mechanisms should be in place between the systems. As the 3G systems have defined security roles in tunnelling, the decision on allowing tunnelling is a function of the 3G network. It is essential to implement the right decision parameters such as level of trust in the WLAN access network or the Visited PLMN involved, capabilities supported in the WLAN user equipment in terms of security in tunnelling and whether the user is authorised for such services. Privacy of User Identity. User identity privacy ensures that none of the permanent subscriber identification information is send across the network in clear. This is based on temporary identities such as pseudonyms or re-authentication identities. Sufficient security procedures should be followed in generating, distributing, using and updating these identities. Also the period of maintaining a temporary identity is also important to prevent tracing of the identity. Various scenarios need to be considered for design of such a system such as: WLAN UE receiving more than one temporary identity from the AAA server Tunnel establishment If the identity privacy support is not activated by the home network Confidentiality Protection. The confidentiality protection should consider different scenarios and network access options. The key scenarios are: In WLAN direct IP access: Here the function is implemented using the WLAN access network link layer. In WLAN 3GPP IP access: Here the integrity of IP packets that is sent through the tunnel between the user equipment and the network should be protected. Research Points. Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting are the most important factors in ensuring network security. There are various techniques available in various types of network available for AAA. One example is UMTS-AKA in 3G network and EPA in wireless networks. Each of these techniques are suitable for the respective types of networks and considering the security requirements. With the integration of networks, the characteristics expected of the integrated network are a combination of both networks. The integrated network is expected to work with the same simplicity and efficiency as a WLAN network but with the security implementations of a 3G network. However a 3G-network security introduces overhead on the network resources that are not desirable in the integrated network. Also when there is an access from one network to another, the overall security profile of the integrated network is that of the weaker part of the network, in this case, the WLAN network. There is a need for the use of the AAA method, which is simple in operation in terms of the message handshakes required and delay introduced and at the same time secure enough to match the 3G network security requirements. The objective of this research is to: Evaluate the current AAA mechanisms available in terms of its capability, Recommend the best option for WLAN-3G network in terms of the efficiency and the security effectiveness. Methodology The methodology for identification of suitable AAA function involves the following: Evaluation of the currently selected methodologies used UMTA-AKA, WLAN-EAP These protocols are evaluated in terms of the overhead required to handle the mechanism and strength of the method infrastructure required to support the system in terms of network elements. Identification of other methodologies used in other technologies and networks Profiling of the different technologies in terms of the capabilities, limitations and characteristics Establishment of minimum requirements of 3G-WLAN network Comparison of profile to the minimum requirements established and selection of methodologies Recommendation of modifications required in the methodologies to suit to WLAN-3G environment. Research Tools. Various tools and resources will be employed during the course of this research, including: Reference implementations of AAA functions. Simulation software for evaluation of the robustness and strength of the AAA functions. Standardisation documents that provide evaluation of the AAA methodologies. Commercial products that employ AAA functions; such as WLAN access points and WLAN user equipments. Software protocol analysers for checking the message flow and function. Expected Results. This research will aim at providing guidance to operators and vendors, on the use of AAA functions for 3G-WLAN networks. Specifically, the following results expected at the end of this research: Identification of suitable AAA function for use in integrated WLAN-3G networks Recommendations of modifications required for the current implementation of the AAA function. References. A Guide to Wireless Network Security: White Paper. http://techlibrary.networkcomputing.com/rlist/920045790_12/sort_by/doc_type/IP- Networks.html Wireless Networks Evolution, Vijay Garg, 2002, Prentice Hall. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~charles/publication/ft-concept.pdf http://fiddle.visc.vt.edu/courses/ecpe6504-wireless/projects_spring2000/report_sathyamoorthy.pdf http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-48/NIST_SP_800-48.pdf http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelesssecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=1489 http://www.practicallynetworked.com/support/wireless_secure.htm http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/Wireless-Network-Security-Home.html http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network.htm http://netsecurity.about.com/od/hackertools/a/aa072004b.htm http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/wireless/a/aa112203_2.htm http://www.networkworld.com/topics/wireless-security.html Home 3GPP TSG Services and System Aspects, 3G Security: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworking Security (release 6), Technical Report, 3GPP TS 33.234 V6.5.1, (2005-6), December 2005. 3GPP TSG Services and System Aspects, 3G Security: Security Architecture (release 6), Technical Report, 3GPP TS 33.102 V7.0.0, December 2005. 3G and WLAN Interworking Security: Current Status and Key Issues, International Journal of Network Security, Jan 20063GPP TSG Service and System Aspects, Feasibility Study on 3GPP System to Wireless Local Area (WLAN) Interworking (release 6), Technical Report, 3G TS 22.934 v. 6.2.0 (2003-09), Sept. 2003.

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A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers . Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as â€Å"computers.† However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. History of computing Etymology The first recorded use of the word â€Å"computer† was in 1613 in a book called â€Å"The yong mans gleanings† by English writer Richard Braithwait I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he... ...e working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the â€Å"Model K†, which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability. The Atanasoff–Berry Computer was the world's first electronic digital computer, albeit not programmable. Atanasoff is considered to be one of the fathers of the computer. Conceived in 1937 by Iowa State College physics professor John Atanasoff, and built with the assistance of graduate student Clifford Berry, the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A 1973 court ruling in a patent dispute found that the patent for the 1946 ENIAC computer derived from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. The fir

Early Memory

Both are about immigration and their life. Even though it was hard but with good memories. Like all Immigrant, they came to this country for better 2. Alice Walker â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the self† 55-61 3. Annie Dullard An American Childhood† 110-116 Respond: Analyze Dullard's character study of her mother – Indirectly, of herself 4. Exercise earlier memory – Chinese New Year Memories of Chinese New Year Growing up hap meant celebrating the Lunar New Year with my Chinese side of the family each winter.My mom would pull out the silk Chicagoans and mandarin- larded coats she kept in a cedar chest that smelled of mothballs. Opening it up was like peering into a long lost past. Once dressed in our festive outfits, we'd pile into the family's red Arrestor Van, drive downtown on the winding 110 Pasadena Freeway, taking the off ramp that exits directly onto Hill Street, and park in the cool concrete structure beneath our destination: Empress Pavili on, the largest, most cacophonous dim sum hall you're ever likely to see. There we'd meet up with the Gee clan?Grandpa wearing his favorite trucker hat,Grandma in her finest red sweatshirt, and the rest of my many aunts and uncles? and together we'd wait patiently for the hostess to call our paper number over the loud speaker, first in Chinese, then in English. Grandma Gee would greet my brother and I with lucky red envelopes or handbag stuffed with $20 bills (these and the special Chinese New Year candles we got were some of the many reasons I looked forward to the holiday). Then wed fill up on dim sum favorites: ha gag (shrimp dumplings small, egg custard tarts, bamboo-wrapped bundles of glutinous rice and lapsing, and perhaps mom Chinese broccoli for good measure.The trick to getting what you want at dim sum (as In life) Is all about body language, regardless of whether you know the names of the dishes. Want those freshly steamed chaw slug ABA (BBC pork buns) In your belly? Don't be shy. Throw that dim sum punch card in the air and flag down that cart as if the cart with dishes that no one wants?Just shake your head and give her the â€Å"no thank you† wave. As a little girl I accepted these festivities as par for the course, not quite realizing that most American families did not celebrate Chinese New Year.As an adult, and as someone who has many Chinese and Chinese American friends, the tradition has become a conscious and well-cemented part of my life. And I never miss an occasion for gathering friends and family around a table filled with good food and good times. After all, dim sum translates literally to mean â€Å"a little bit of heart. † Memories of Chinese New Year in old times In my memory, the Chinese New Year was always the time when we ate good food, wore new clothes and visited relatives. Those things never seem to change, but hinging back through my memories of growing up in China I see that actually a lot has changed.I grew up in Beijing in a not very tradition-oriented family during the Cultural Revolution. At that time, although we did celebrate the Chinese New Year, some traditions were not followed as much as they used to be ? and as they are now. I remember the Chinese New Year was the only time when we could eat dumplings, lots of meat, and other good food. My parents' work units (Dan wet, that's how Chinese call their companies or institutions they work at) give them free or low ricer food. We could store them for a whole month.Before the New Year, we shopped to buy new clothes for everyone. I was so happy that I could wear new clothes again! We also cleaned up our small apartment and did all the laundry prior to the arrival of the New Year. We didn't decorate our home that much except for putting up revolution couplets such as â€Å"Follow Chairman Mao, Always Go Forward†. On New Year's Eve, we all sat together and made dumplings. I learned to make dumplings before I went to primary school. While making dumplings, we chatted about everything. My uncles and aunts who were single also spent time with us.It was so much fun. Besides the dumplings, we only had one or two other side dishes. We didn't have a TV, so we entertained ourselves. After eating dumplings, we went out to set off firecrackers. Especially at midnight, all firecrackers went off at the same time. It was loud! Children enjoyed them so much! During the New Year, I wore new clothes to visit relatives and ate good food at their houses. They came to visit us and ate good food at our home too. What was the good food? Pork, chicken, fish, which we didn't eat so often during the year.We ate, chat, played, and had lots of fun! There were envelopes for children at that time and one dollar is big money for us. Since the asses, the Chinese living standard has improved a lot. Nowadays, we do not have to wait for the Chinese New Year to eat dumplings and meat. We eat good food and wear new clothes all year around. We also follow more traditions, such as decorating our doors or windows with paper-cuts and couplets with the very popular theme of greeting cards to relatives, friends, and even colleagues!During the Chinese New Year, we eat even better good food ? lots of seafood, vegetables, and we also drink imported liquors. For the New Year's Eve dumpling dinner, we have ten or more dishes on the table. While making dumplings and having dinner, we chat less than in the old times because we all watch the Chinese New Year show on TV? it is one of the biggest shows in the year, Just like the Super Bowl in the U. S. Children cannot enjoy the fun of firecrackers anymore because fireworks and firecrackers are banned in the urban areas of major cities.But they have television! We still visit our relatives, but only the closest ones. Nowadays, with the development of telecommunication, those door-to-door visits are replaced by phone calls or pager greetings. Children do get red envelopes now, which somet imes consists of 100 to 500 Yuan ($12 – $60). It was lots of money for our time. My parents didn't make that much money in a month! Like everything else, the New Year celebration has changed lots since I was little. But no matter what has changed, Chinese New Year is the happiest time for children, then and now!

Lubrication and Refrigeration in aeroplanes (Spanish) essays

Lubrication and Refrigeration in aeroplanes (Spanish) essays Lubricacin y refrigeracin Es la operacin de engrase continuo entre las piezas en contacto y con movimientos relativos, que evita el calentamiento y disminuye el desgaste de las piezas. El engrase depende de la cantidad de aceite suministrado, de la fijacin y mantenimiento de la pelà ­cula de aceite entre las superficies en frotamiento, de la evacuacin del aceite y de la evacuacin del calor. Cuando el gasto o caudal de aceite que circula entre las piezas del motor es pequen de la temperatura puede ser tan grande que llegue a hacerse peligroso por ser insuficiente para la evacuacin del calor. Para evitar que la temperatura del aceite alcance valores por encima de los là ­mites permisibles normalmente 120C, lo que significarà ­a una prdida de las cualidades de lubricacin, se dispone de refrigeracin del aceite, por medio de la instalacin de radiadores con un medio refrigerante que en el caso del avin es normalmente el aire que pasa a travs de dicho radiador. En los motores de aviacin la cantidad de calor evacuado por el aceite varà ­a entre 0.3 y 1 calorà ­a por minuto siendo normalmente la diferencia de temperatura de salida y entrada de aceite en el motor entre 10C y 30C. La T ª de entrada en el motor es aprx. 70C y la de salida es de 100C. El sistema de aceite para lubricacin de un motor puede considerarse dividido en dos partes fundamentales: la parte interior al motor llamada zona de lubricacin principal y segundo la parte exterior o circuito auxiliar para almacenamiento central de temperatura y recuperacin de aceite. En los motores de aviacin la presin de aceite a la entrada del motor est regulada normalmente a cinco kg/cm2, y el caudal de aceite proporcionado es aprx. de 0.02 a 0.1 l...

Free Essays on Themes In Dr. Rappaccinis Daughter

A major theme in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter is pride. There is a lack of parental morality in this piece of work, and a sense of good is distorted by Dr. Rappaccini‘s pride. He thinks he is helping his daughter by bringing her a mate infected with her poison, but really he is taking on the role of God. His values are very low, and he has no right to interfere with his daughter’s life and happiness. He ends up indirectly killing his own daughter, and leaving her loved one in mourning. Dr. Rappaccini knows his pride because he, himself, claims that he has created â€Å"The Garden of Eden† for his daughter and her loved one. This statement is not true because Dr. Rappaccini’s garden is sewn with the roots of pride and arrogance, while the real Garden of Eden was sewn by God, with love and compassion for the two people. Dr. Rappaccini’s attempts to adjust fate in the case of the two lovers end in utter failure. This shows that only God has the right to decide our lives and our futures, and his plans are perfect because of his good intentions for us. Rappaccini’s daughter suffered social alienation because of his sick love of science. He was able to live a normal life and venture out beyond the garden walls, but the case was not the same for her. He put his love of science before his love of his daughter, which led to her doom in the end of the story. Rappaccini’s pride in his great works of science and his pride in his garden came first, at his daughter’s expense. Nathaniel Hawthorne had a preoccupation with sin and pride, just like his Puritan ancestors. I believe that by writing this story, he was trying to convey certain principles and teachings, and an emphasis on symbolism to his readers. His point in this story was to show that pride leads us to failure, and that interference with the lives of others is a sin that should not be committed. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne also... Free Essays on Themes In Dr. Rappaccini's Daughter Free Essays on Themes In Dr. Rappaccini's Daughter A major theme in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Rappaccini’s Daughter is pride. There is a lack of parental morality in this piece of work, and a sense of good is distorted by Dr. Rappaccini‘s pride. He thinks he is helping his daughter by bringing her a mate infected with her poison, but really he is taking on the role of God. His values are very low, and he has no right to interfere with his daughter’s life and happiness. He ends up indirectly killing his own daughter, and leaving her loved one in mourning. Dr. Rappaccini knows his pride because he, himself, claims that he has created â€Å"The Garden of Eden† for his daughter and her loved one. This statement is not true because Dr. Rappaccini’s garden is sewn with the roots of pride and arrogance, while the real Garden of Eden was sewn by God, with love and compassion for the two people. Dr. Rappaccini’s attempts to adjust fate in the case of the two lovers end in utter failure. This shows that only God has the right to decide our lives and our futures, and his plans are perfect because of his good intentions for us. Rappaccini’s daughter suffered social alienation because of his sick love of science. He was able to live a normal life and venture out beyond the garden walls, but the case was not the same for her. He put his love of science before his love of his daughter, which led to her doom in the end of the story. Rappaccini’s pride in his great works of science and his pride in his garden came first, at his daughter’s expense. Nathaniel Hawthorne had a preoccupation with sin and pride, just like his Puritan ancestors. I believe that by writing this story, he was trying to convey certain principles and teachings, and an emphasis on symbolism to his readers. His point in this story was to show that pride leads us to failure, and that interference with the lives of others is a sin that should not be committed. I think that Nathaniel Hawthorne also...