Homework3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework3 - Assignment Example The two variables or normal for power are profoundly prominent in the film. James more honed utilizes his political position (capacity) to impact people’s perspective. In a perfect world, the character impacts people’s thinking and choices through democratic and apparatus of races. As per the film, Sharpe has been in office for four sequential terms. His political achievement can be followed back to a system of degenerate city laborers who ensures his inclinations in Newark lanes. In a perfect world, Sharpe compromised city laborers with downgrades and fraudulent indictments. Likewise, brokers who didn't agree with his political desire were either blamed for being fear based oppressors or lawbreakers. Thusly, their organizations were denied mayor’s insurance and, consequently exposed to disrupt. In spite of the fact that force is instrumental in social turn of events, force can be applied from a negative perspective, as delineated in the film. James Sharpe utiliz es power for his own advantages without considering people’s needs. Force offers position to pioneers and, consequently basic in initiative. In any case, power doesn't decide the nature of a pioneer. In the event that it did, at that point Sharpe would have been a superior head than his adversary was. In spite of the fact that the film doesn't uncover the vast majority of Booker initiative characteristics, he appears to be a tenable pioneer. His profile and scholarly capabilities makes him an extraordinary pioneer contrasted with his political adversary. Force is practiced through impact. In this unique circumstance, pioneers can likewise impacted by the very force they owe the individuals. It is hazy whether Booker can continue his validity whenever chose the chairman of the city. The primary political decision outlines the connection among force and authority. Preferably, applicants who had most force won the races. Despite the fact that James and Booker were both African-Americans, James had more political force than Booker. Regardless of Booker having the best pronouncements and dreams for Newark and NJ, James would do well to odds of

Must-Dos For Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Most authors could remain to improve their exposition composing abilities. That is on the grounds that article composing is a craftsmanship sharpened after some time and with training. In spite of the fact that a few people might be normally acceptable at composing, a decent article is more than that. It requires a tight, very much characterized theory, and a created contention that is just expressed and uses believable exploration to back it up. Also, obviously, the imaginativeness of composing requires exact jargon, progress words and dynamic voice. On the off chance that youre needing a few enhancements in your paper composing, here are a few regions to concentrate on: Understand more One of the principal things you can do to improve your exposition composing abilities is commit more opportunity to perusing. The more you read, the more youll be presented to various styles of composing. In the long run, youll recognize characteristics that you need to receive in your own composition. Do explore before you compose Its critical to do the entirety of your examination before you compose. You should take notes while doing your examination, however the real paper composing should just come later. Ensure your thoughts have had the opportunity to develop enough before you begin attempting to assemble them. Be patient and approach things slowly and carefully. On the off chance that youve done the entirety of your exploration and taken great notes, the contentions youll use ought to be genuinely simple for you to characterize. Racing into the creative cycle rashly can mean you need to change your contentions as you think of more exploration. This will make for a confused article at long last. Stay away from reiteration Journalists frequently tragically repeat a similar word or gathering of words too often in their articles. This causes exhausting perusing. Utilize a thesaurus to perceive what different words you can use to catch a similar thought. On the off chance that there is no trade for the word(s) youre composing, take a stab at utilizing third individual pronouns all the more frequently (he/she/it/they) or shortenings for long titles. Model: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to decide on whether to permit a mining organization do a land review on their booking. The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation casted a ballot against giving authorization. The mining organization endeavored to document a claim and the Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation held a gathering at the city lobby. A superior form: The Council of Elders of the Cherokee Nation met in January to decide on whether to permit a mining organization do a land overview on their booking. They casted a ballot against allowing consent. The mining organization endeavored to record a claim and The Council held a gathering at the city lobby. Refer to realities, insights, dates and master sentiments Utilizing numbers and insights offers validity to your contention just as makes an effect. Which of the accompanying proclamations has a more grounded sway? There are far less polar bears in the Yukon today than there were a couple of decades prior. Versus The number of inhabitants in polar bears in the Yukon has been decreased by 1,000% somewhere in the range of 1980 and 2010. Refering to the assessments of specialists in the field likewise permits the peruser to confide in the remainder of your perceptions. Model: The annihilation of the polar bear populace in the Yukon is one of the most extreme of any species on the planet. Versus Dr. Sheffield from the University of Toronto gave a discourse at a show on untamed life protection where he deplored that â€Å"few places on the planet have endured such serious loss of a solitary animal categories as in the Yukon.† Improve your jargon The more words you know, the more assortment of words you can use in your papers. Straightforward math. A progressively plentiful jargon can give you the instruments to compose all the more fascinating papers. It can likewise assist you with procuring a more elevated level of exactness in your contentions. For instance, if youre expounding on honey bee keeping, you could utilize the word â€Å"apiculture† which is the specialized word for honey bee keeping. On the off chance that youre expounding on strict cliques, you could utilize the word â€Å"indoctrinate† which implies â€Å"teach an individual or gathering of people to acknowledge an educating uncritically†. Exact language causes you streamline on clarifications. Be that as it may, realize when to keep it basic Composing with exact language is a certain something. Flaunting is another. Dont litter your exposition with modern jargon words. Dont use â€Å"insouciant† when you could utilize â€Å"indifferent† or â€Å"turgid† when you could utilize â€Å"tedious†. You dont need to constrain your peruser to go after the word reference each couple of sentences. Most of perusers wouldnt trouble. You need your article to be lucid to the layman. The element of your article is your contention: on the off chance that you present it essentially, it will be anything but difficult to get a handle on. Furthermore, that is one of the objectives of good paper composing. Use change words Change words are critical to managing the peruser starting with one contention then onto the next. They help improve the papers comprehensibility and stream. Some progress words to fuse in your expositions: Notwithstanding Besides Besides By the by Moreover Counting Then again Disregarding Look at this site for a complete rundown of change words and when to utilize them. Utilize dynamic action words Scholars regularly fall into the snare of utilizing detached voice in their articles. Have a go at utilizing dynamic voice. Its more straightforward and gives more life to your sentences. Model: The exploration done on atomic vitality has left numerous inquiries still unanswered. Versus Atomic vitality research despite everything has numerous inquiries to reply. The last enduring individual from the Terena clan had kicked the bucket the prior year. Versus The last enduring individual from the Terena clan kicked the bucket in 2014. Utilize a composing application Since we live in the advanced age, there are applications that can reveal to you how your article can be improved. Attempt one or the entirety of the accompanying: Hemingway features issue territories of your exposition with shading coding for things like inactive voice, verb modifiers, complex sentences and the sky is the limit from there. Grammarly propelled spell checker and language structure checker just as counterfeiting indicator. ProWriting Aid checks for language structure, style and intelligibility.

No Child Left Behind and English Language Learners Free Essays

No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) was proposed to be guidance ‘s answer to â€Å" separate however equivalent. † Between 1979 and 2007, the figure of young children who talked a phonetic correspondence other than English at place expanded from 3.8 to 10. We will compose a custom article test on No Child Left Behind and English Language Learners or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now 8 million ( NCES, 2009 ) . This speaks to an expansion from 9 for each centum to 20 for each centum for this clasp period. Spanish is the principal phonetic correspondence of around 12 for each centum of all understudies in state funded schools. In excess of 400 distinctive etymological correspondences are spoken by the 5.5 English Language Learners ( ELL ) in the United States. 49 for each centum of Hispanic fourth graders were delegated capable in fundamental perusing contrasted with 77 for every centum capable white understudies on a similar preliminary. In math, 69 for each centum of Hispanic fourth graders were capable contrasted with 91 for every centum for white understudies ( NCES, 2009 ) . Just 4 for every centum of eighth class ELLs and 20 for each centum of students delegated â€Å" once ELL † scored at the capable or propelled degrees on the perusing some portion of the 2005 National Assessment for Educational Progress ( NCES, 2009 ) . ELLs have the absolute most noteworthy drop-out rates. They other than are progressively arranged to be put in lesser achievement gatherings. Since NCLB was actualized in 2001, there seems, by all accounts, to be an expansion in the figure of secondary school ELLs non having a sheepskin since they bombed high-stakes preliminaries despite the fact that sufficiently completing all other graduation requests. The United States is going increasingly more various both ethnically and phonetically. The per centum of ELLs in schools is on the ascent more fleetly than the existent Numberss. While the figure of understudies with confined capacity in English has developed exponentially over the United States, their level of scholarly achievement has falled fundamentally behind their etymological correspondence mass equivalents. ELLs scholastic open introduction degrees are essentially beneath those of their equivalents in about each progression of achievement. In the 2005 National Assessment of Educational Progress, simply 29 for every centum of ELLs scored at or over the fundamental degree in perusing, contrasted with 75 for each centum of non-ELLs ( NCES, 2009 ) . The Good The NCLB Act has drawn a decent exchange of pined for awareness to the accomplishment spread of ELL understudies. Under NCLB, the scholarly headway of each child, including those larning English, will be evaluated in perusing, math lastly logical order and cultural surveies. This will gracefully guardians and teachers with data concerning how great the understudies are executing and areas will be considered responsible for outcomes ( NCLB, 2001 ) . The law has produced a few advantages for ELLs by pulling taking care of these students, and doing their open introduction tally. NCLB necessitates that students are to be followed as a subgroup and educators and chiefs are increasingly worried about what is working and what is non working. They other than are progressively mindful of searching for what could work with ELLS. Most regions presently have measures for kids larning English as a second phonetic correspondence. Yearly examinations dependent on those standards and imprints are to ensure more understudies are come oning and making English phonetic correspondence capability over clasp ( NCLB, 2001 ) . NCLB necessitates that all children, including ELLs go high models in English phonetic correspondence humanistic orders and arithmetic. In add-on, Title III of NCLB expects ELLs to make capability in English in a few nations including perusing, making, hearing, and discourse creation and that their progression be evaluated yearly ( Abedi, 2004 ) . Schools and domains must help ELLs, among different subgroups ; do constant improvement toward this point as estimated by open introduction on area preliminaries, or peril grave impacts. States and regions must ensure that there are very qualified educators in all schoolrooms, incorporating those with ELLs. NCLB does non request an impossible to miss technique for bearing for larning English and other scholastic subjects. Regions and schools have the benefit to take the techniques for bearing that best satisfies the needs of students, remembering strategies for educating for another phonetic correspondence or in English ( NCLB, 2001 ) . The law is imperfect yet it concentrates on English etymological correspondence researchers and makes the most of their accomplishment. The Bad Ells are the quickest turning populace in our government funded schools and a significant number of them are truly conceived in the United States, the children of outsiders ( NCES, 2009 ) . The difficulties for ELLs are hard. This populace keeps on growing rapidly in volume, with for the most part flooding focuses in a little figure of areas. Precise ELL assignment stays a test. As by and by executed, ELLS are to be surveyed under indistinguishable conditions in testable themes from capable English talkers. Numerous areas and school regions are non following secondary school graduation rates for ELLs ; the quickest turning populace of students ( Zehr, 2009 ) . NCLB should correct this. Just eleven territories met their answerability closes for ELLs under NCLB in the 2007-2008 school twelvemonth ( Zehr, 2009 ) . NCLB proposed to do educator quality improvement by holding teachers achieve â€Å" very qualified † position. Be that as it may, â€Å" incredibly qualified † does non expect the educator of ELLs is very able to learn ELLs ( Harper A ; de Jong, 2009 ) . High wagers demonstrating is pressuring bearing to change from enquiry, long lasting larning to figuring out how to the preliminary by using a technique called â€Å" drill and killing † . Educating to the preliminary is dousing the opportunity for educators to learn understudies higher request accepting achievements ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . This diminishes cut that teachers can learn innovativeness, independently directed enquiry, and inspirational subjects for all understudies. Ells are being encouraged preliminary taking plans on the other hand of substance related points. The utilization of preliminary schoolwork worksheets and â€Å" bore and execute † exercisings does non go to the interest for bearing in scholarly English. To do rise to yearly headway ( AYP ) , every region and school is required to demo that each subgroup has met the region capability end in perusing and math. Precisely estimating these students in English, which is obligatory by law, is truly requesting, beyond all doubt won, and clasp expending. The cogency of AYP is in risk when schools conflictingly mark English capable students ( Abedi, 2004 ) . NCLB gives regions approval to classify ELLs. Various areas and even school domains inside a territory utilization distinctive ELL arrangement norms. Furthermore, the ELL subgroup stableness stays conflicting when ELL students arrive at capability degree and are moved out of this gathering. This straight influences reality of AYP inclusion ( Adebi, 2004 ) . States with high ELL student populaces in their school regions face more noteworthy difficulties when learning ELLs and doing AYP when contrasted with areas with scanty ELL understudy populaces ( Abedi, 2004 ) . ELLs need clasp and preparing to larn scholastic English. Shockingly, from numerous points of view, NCLB is expanding the achievement spread by puting more prominent requests on teachers to gracefully preliminary tonss that will loan to the school doing AYP. Potentially, the most harmful deformity in NCLB is its authoritative offer that all understudies in each school must be proficient in perusing and science by 2014, incorporating students with specific requests, students whose local etymological correspondence is non English, understudies who are stateless and missing in social bit of leeway, and students who have each social preferred position yet are non keen on school task ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . In the event that they are non, so their schools and teachers will bear the impacts. What Can Be Done? Educators must focus on getting the hang of perusing. Abedi ( 2004 ) states that ELL students who are better perusers perform better. Perusing is the way in to every scholastic point and without proficient understanding achievements, all students, including ELLs will make sick on all preliminaries ( Abedi, 2004 ) . Educators ought to learn and non agonizing over approaches to do sure that they make the tonss required so as to look after guidance. Concentrate on ELLs open introduction, both for people and gatherings to put types of advancement or lack of improvement, in a perfect world using numerous means ( Adebi, 2004 ) . The ELL subgroups must remain stable over clasp. At the point when an understudy ‘s level of English capability has improved to a degree thought about capable, that student is moved out and non included in that subgroup ( Abedi, 2004 ) . Testing must be only for all students especially ELLs. Scholarly achievement preliminaries are developed for local English talkers. Changing phonetic correspondence being investigated requests to diminish the level of unwarranted lingual and social bias could build open introduction of ELLs ( Abedi, 2004 ) . Absence of scholastic English achievements topographic point ELLs at a more prominent weakness for understanding what is being evaluated. Testing ought to be reasonable for all students. NCLB has set undue preliminary open introduction power per unit territory on schools with large Numberss of ELL understudies. This is especially ridiculous when schools may even now battle with a similar restricted school assets as before. We should hold an away from of what is viewed as a decent guidance ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . Objectives ought to be important and come-at-capable and non dependent on an obviously disconnected perfect. As a condition of outsiders, it is totally basic that we fulfill the needs of those understudies larning English as a second phonetic correspondence. It has for some time been a test inside the schoolroom to simultaneously learn English close by the other m

Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Essays - Europe, 2nd Millennium, Ukraine

Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Essays - Europe, second Millennium, Ukraine Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Bohdan Zenoviy Khmelnytsky was one of the most influencial leaders of Eastern Europe, however not referred to just as other extraordinary pioneers, for example, Napoleon, in light of the manner in which he drove the incomparable Ukrainian uprising, or The Great Revolt of 1648 (Subtelny, 123). Brought into the world around 1595, however the specific date and spot is obscure, Khmelnytsky was the child of a minor Ukrainian aristocrat named Mykhaylo Khmelnytsky. Mykhaylo served the imperial Hetman Stanislaw Zolkiewski and his child in-law, Jan Danilowicz of Poland. For his great administrations, Mykhaylo got a bequest in Subotiv. Bohdan was instructed at a Jesuit College in Yaroslav where he examined the Polish and Latin dialects. It was thought he likewise considered French. In 1620, his dad was murdered in the fight against the Poles at Cecora. Bohdan was abducted by the Turks and held for a long time until his mom gathered enough payment cash. During these two years he aced the Turkish and Tatar dialects. This end up being useful to him later in his relations with Turkey and Tatary. Bohdan came back to Subotiv to emulate his dad's example by turning into a Cossack (a hopeful, opportunity cherishing, chivalrous and autonomous man who battles for the prosperity of Ukraine an d is prepared to forfeit his life for his nation, his religion, and his opportunity), wedded Hanna Somko and lived respectively on his domain in Subotiv. After the marking of the Treaty of Borovytsia on December 24, 1637, Bohdan was chosen Captain of the enlisted Cossacks in Chihiryn. He was a piece of a Cossack appointment to the Polish ruler, Wladyslaw IV in 1646. Now in his profession, he was 50 years of age. In 1646, while away from his bequest, a Polish aristocrat, with the guide of neighborhood magnates (a significant and powerful individual in any field of movement, particularly in an enormous business), made a case for Khmelnytsky's home, struck it, executed his yougest child, and captured the lady that the as of late bereaved Bohdan expected to wed. This activity gave him enough inspiration to shape a revolt againt the Poles. His life changed, and with it the course of Ukraine's history. Khmelnytsky sorted out supporters and plotted an uprising against the Polish landowners. Understanding that their rangers was little, he seeked the guide of the Crimean Tatars, the Cossack's conventional foes. The planning was correct, and a partnership against the Poles was shaped. The Khan sent 4000 Tatars to help the Cossacks. As news made a trip to the Poles about the revolt, Bohdan had to escape with his adherents to the Zaporozhian Sich in January of 1648. He was invited thoughtfully, yet needed to persuade the Zaporozhians of his value. His outstanding gifts as a coordinator, lawmaker, and military pioneer, had a significant effect. Before long, he was chosen as Hetman (most elevated military, authoritative, and legal office among Ukrainian Cossacks). Numerous fights were battled, and numerous lives were lost on all sides, even the blameless were casulties of this revolt as consistently like in any war. The Bila Tserkva (White Church) concession to September 28th of 1651 had to do with the diminishing of the Hetman's power, denying him to have outside contacts, and the decrease of Cossack powers to 20,000 soldiers. Most Ukrainian laborers and Cossacks had to manage serfdom once again. Thousands fled east to A muscovite area what is currently Kharkiv locale. Khmelnytsky had positively no expectation to comply with the bargain. Inside a year the Polish armed force was totally pulverized at the fringe of Podilla and Moldavia. On the January eighteenth in 1654, Khmelnytsky assembled a conference with the Cossack first class and a choice was made. Ukraine required an overlord and it was settled on to be administered by the Muscovite tsar. This gathering was held at Pereiaslav, close Keiv. The towns individuals were accumulated and the Hetman talked about a requirement for an overlord. He introduced four competitors - the Polish ruler, the Tatar Khan, the Ottoman Sultan, and the Muscovite tsar. It was disclosed to the townspeople this was chosen at the earlier gathering and that the Muscovite tsar was the best decision. The group comprehended and concurred. At the town church, the Pereiaslav Agreement was fixed and denoted a

By Chris Pobst Essays - Discrimination, Social Inequality

By: Chris Pobst Boston Latin is one of America's chief government funded schools. On February 14, 1998, Sarah Wessmann applied to this school and was dismissed alongside ten other white applicants. Sarah could deal with the way that she was not acknowledged yet she was unable to acknowledge the way that ten dark, and Latin understudies were acknowledged over her when they scored lower on the selection test. Her mom sued the school for invert segregation and won. Her little girl was acknowledged and the school needed to scrap an approach that put aside 35% of all school places for dark and Latino candidates (the Economist 2/14/98). Should race be a factor in conceding understudies to a school? This is an inquiry brought by numerous individuals up in the nineties and is a very discussed issue. This issue is called turn around separation. Switch segregation is found wherever in the present society. Practically all organizations and all administration employments require a specific level of their workforce to be minorities paying little heed to their capabilities. This is out of line from various perspectives. One way is on the grounds that when an individual isn't appropriately equipped for work, he doesn't play out the activity just as a certified individual does. Everybody from the board to clients is influenced because of absence of value work they perform. This can cause loss of cash and low efficiency. Another genuine case of converse segregation is in the military. At the point when my dad went into the Air Force, he needed to take an ASVAB test. This tried his insight in specific fields of work and the Air Force utilized it as a methods for permission. Minorities just need to score about 75% of what my father needed to score on the test and this isn't just off-base, yet additionally out of line. Why bring down the gauges for minorities? I realize I don't need someone to run my nation that isn't qualified and landed the position since he was a minority. Guidelines for an occupation ought not be brought down on the grounds that a specific gathering of individuals is less qualified. I'm not saying that all minorities are underqualified, yet it seems that most of them are. I accept that regardless of what race or religion you are, when applying to a school or a position of work everybody ought to have a similar chance. Numerous minorities guarantee that they haven't got the opportunity to succeed as a result of their race. This is false in light of the fact that there are numerous minorities who have succeeded and carried on an awesome and prosperous life. In the event that that were the situation, pretty much anyone could accuse their absence of capability for something when the genuine explanation is they simply haven't made enough of an effort. Something else I don't have faith in the way that on the off chance that I possessed a business that I must have a specific number of minorities working there. I feel that in the event that I own the business and I am not partnered with the administration, I ought to have the option to employ whoever I need. Regardless of whether I enlist my father or my little multi year-old sister, it is my decision and if my business falls flat on account of my representatives, that is my concern and not anybody else's. Furthermore, if individuals choose not to belittle my business that is likewise my concern accordingly I ought to have the option to legitimately recruit and utilize whoever I need. Once more, for what reason would it be a good idea for me to enlist somebody who isn't equipped for the activity since government says I need to? I figure the central government ought to reevaluate the separation approach they have authorized and let managers recruit whoever they need as well. In the present society, white individuals are victimized simply like the minorities. The tale of Benjamin Kook is a prime model. He and his better half live in South Africa. Ben claimed his own pipes business until his truck and every one of his provisions got taken. Because of the way that he is viewed as a minority in Africa, he was unable to get a new line of work that could pay even near what he was making previously. He went from bringing home a $1000 per month to $80 every month. He and his better half can scarcely bear to pay lease considerably less has the extravagances they did previously (Spectator

The Basic Ways to Write a Paper For College

The Basic Ways to Write a Paper For CollegeWriting a paper for college is an integral part of the process of obtaining a degree. Many people who intend to attend college still do not have any idea what a paper for college really is. However, the main purpose of a paper for college is to give your professor a specific idea on what exactly you are studying.One of the first types of writing a paper for college that most college level students are taught is the essay. There are two types of essays that you should always write. They are the research paper and the argumentative essay.While they are different, they both share one major elements. They are meant to convince the professor that you understand the subject. The subject is always a part of every paper for college. Your professor will be trying to make you come up with arguments that can support your point of view.The best type of essay that most college level students are taught is the argumentative essay. This type of essay will ask the reader to discuss his or her point of view about a certain topic. The essay will either focus on the facts or try to explain the facts.The argumentative essay usually starts by stating the general facts in the essay. It will then proceed to give you examples from the real world. If the question posed to you by the professor is answered using facts, you will be given points.You will then have to apply your general facts to the issue that was presented in the essay. You can then state how the situation would be different if there were no facts in place. You will then have to show the reader why the facts are the way they are.The essay is important because it is your way of communicating with the professor. The writer is trying to convince the professor that they have an understanding of the subject matter. The writer needs to show the professor why they know what they are talking about.You will have to do some research on the topic that you plan to write about. Try to find as much information about the topic as possible. It will help you create a better argument when writing a paper for college.

DATA AND MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES WITHIN THE ECONOMY - Free Essay Example

We form our variables using data derived from the financial statements contained in the Stock Exchange and companys websites. Our sample consists of all Oil and Gas Marketing companies listed with Stock Exchange. Following Table will make you understand about the Variables, Determinants, Measures and their references using the same measure. Determinants Measures used Some refrence using the same measures LEV(Leverage) Total Liability Equity Total Assets WaliullahMuhammad Nishat (2008), NikolaosEriotisDimitriosVasiliou and Zoe Ventoura-Neokosmidi(2007,Rajan and Zingales(1995), Shah and Hijaz(2004), SZ(Size) Log of sale Titman and Wassels(1988), DebabrataDatta and BabitaAgarwal (2007), Raul Seppa(2008) PF(Profitability) EBT Total Assets DebabrataDatta and BabitaAgarwal(2007), Rajan and Zingales(1995) DBT_EQT(Debt to Equity Ratio) Total Liability Common Equity Ali Basharat (Lecturer) Air University Islamabad. CR(Current Ratio) Current Assets Current Liability Ali Basharat (Lecturer) Air University Islamabad. TAN(Tangibility) Fixed Assets Total Assets Attaullah Shah and Safiullah Khan( 2007),Titman and Wessels (1988),Rajan and Zingales(1995),Fama and French (2000) In order to comment on the capital structure of Oil and Gas firms in the perspective of the Pakistan economy, it is desirable to take into consideration all the sectors of the economy. Few of them are directly and indirectly keeping in mind this requirement we select five companies, as under this index all the major companies of important segments of the economy are listed. The source of our data is SEC Prowess data base. DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES We have taken six variables out of which leverage is taken as a dependent variable. We take the total Debt (Total Liability) to total asset ratio as proxy for Leverage (dependent variable). For potential determinants of leverage, we study five independent variables namely Tangibility, Size, Profitability, Debt to Equity ratio and Current ratio. Explanation of Variables: In their cross-sectional study of the determinants of capital structure, Rajan and Zingales(1995)examine the extent to which, ath the level of the individual firm, leverage may be explained by for key factors, namely, market-to-book ratio i.e. growth, size, profitability, and tangibility. Their regression analysis differ slightly across countries, they appear to uncover some fairly strong conclusion. But our study of capital structure follows the framework of RajanZingles(1995) Shah Hijazi(2005), NikolaosEriotis Zoe Ventoura(2007) and Jeam-Laurent Viviani(2008)that use tangibility of assets, Firm size, Profitabllity. But in our study we have also used two more variable that measure more reasonably leverage of firm i.e Debt to Equity ratio and Current Ratio. DEPENDENT VARIABLE Measure of Leverage (LG) In the literature the term Leverage can be interpreted in different ways. The specific choice of the term leverage depends on the objective of the research. We take leverage as the ratio of total liability to net total assets. Net total assets are the total assets excluding all the fictitious assets and revaluation reserves and debit balance of profit and loss account. One question that arises in this context is whether one should take the book value or the market value of debt. Thies and Klock (1992) and Fama and French (2000) support the consideration of book value of leverage. As the market value of debt is dependent on so many exogenous factors, which are outside the control of an organization, book value better reflects the true value of the firms leverage. So, we take book value of debt (total liability proxy) as well as of net total assets. Leverage refers to the percentage of assets financed by debt. Previous research studies have used different measures of leverage. Frank and Goyal (2003b) state that the difference between a debt ratio based on market value and one based on book values is that the former tends to regard the firms future situation whereas the later reflects the past situation. Fama and French (2002) point out some inconsistencies arising from the use of two different ratios. According to them, both theories (Pecking Order and Static Tradeoff) apply to the debt book value, and there are doubts if the predictions may be extended to the debt market value. Following the previous studies on non-financial Pakistans listed firms by Shah Hijazi (2005) we used the book value measure of leverage. One more consideration in defining the appropriate measure of leverage is to take total debt or only long term debt as a percentage of total assets. Though capital structure theories consider long term debt as a proxy for financial leverage, we use the measure of total debt because in Pakistan firms have mostly short term financing as the average firm size is small. This makes access to capital market difficult in terms of cost and technical difficulties (shah and Hijazi 2005). In Pakistan firms usually prefer short-term borrowing, the reason being that commercial banks are the major lenders and they do not encourage long term loans. Up to 1994 firms did not rely on market based debt; in mid-1994 the government amended the company law to permit companies to raise debt directly from the market in the form of TFC (Term Finance Certificates) Booth et.al. (995) had also mentioned this point that developing countries including Pakistan prefer short term financing than long term financing. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Tangibility of Assets (TG) Titman and Wessels (1988), Rajan and Zingales (1995) and Fama and French (2000) support the importance of the tangibility (ratio of fixed to total assets) for leverage. The value of collateral of fixed assets for the gearing level of the firm is manifested by the tangibility of that firm. However, the direction in which it influences the level of leverage is not clear by any of these studies. Galai and Masulis (1976), Jensen and Meckling (1976) and Myers (1977) in their papers present the argument that stockholders of levered firms are prone to overinvest that gives rise to the classical conflict between shareholders and bondholders. But if the debt is secured against the fixed assets, the firm is restricted to use the borrowed funds for the same project for which it has borrowed. By this fact, creditors get an improved guarantee of repayment, and thus the chances of recovery are higher. Since this does not happen without collateralization of the fixed assets, the proportion of debt increases with the availability of more fixed assets in the balance sheet of the firm. Hence, the trade-off theory predicts a positive relationship between the tangibility and leverage in any firm. In contrast, the agency cost model predicts a negative relationship of tangibility with leverage in any firm [Grossman and Hart (1982)]. We calculate tangibility by finding out the ratio of the total fixed assets (gross fixed assets excluding intangible assets) and 30 days average market capitalization of the firm. Hypothesis 1: A firm with higher percentage of fixed assets will have higher debt ratio Size (SZ) Titman and Wessels (1988) argue in their paper about the negative relationship between sizes and probability of bankruptcy. Accordingly, trade-off theory predicts an inverse relation between size and bankruptcy and hence positive relationship between size and leverage. On the other hand if we take size as a proxy for information asymmetry then large firms tend to disclose more information about their plans as they are closely watched by the capital Market analysts. So the information asymmetry between the insiders and investors in the capital market is less for large firm. Accordingly, the pecking-order theory predicts a negative relationship between size and leverage. We take natural logarithm of sales as the proxy of size, following Titman and Wessels (1988). Profitability (PF) According to the trade-off theory, there is a positive relationship between profitability and leverage. As the profit of the firm increases, its capacity of bearing the interest cost rises. Secondly, the bankruptcy cost of the larger firm is also less than that of small firm. Third reason is that as the profit of firms increases they feel greater need to have tax shield. So the level of leverage in the capital structure also increases. On the contrary, pecking-order theory